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DIM is a potent activator of the immune response system in-vivo - UC Berkeley Publication. Scientists demonstrate for the first time that DIM modulates four key cytokines in-vivo: Interferon-Gamma (IFN-G), Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF), Interlukin-12 (IL-12), and Interlukin-6 (IL-6). IFN-G is responsible for the entire immune response system. G-CSF is responsible for White Blood Cell production in the body. IL-6 is responsible for the body's direct anti-bacterial response. IL-12 stimulates the growth and function of T-Cells which help to fight off pathogens. This key publication marks the birth of a global effort to study DIM as a potent natural therapeutic for most forms of cancer, most viral infections and most bacterial infections. A new paradigm in medicinal nutrition is born and Brassica vegetables are officially recognized as potent medicinal plants. This study also for the first time demonstrates DIM's potent in-vivo anti-viral activity, solving a biomedical mystery regarding its efficacy against RRP tumors and its status in Phase III clinical trials for Cervical Dysplasia at the same dosage present within ActivaMune. According to Dr. Gary Firestone, Director of the National Institutes of Health Cancer Research Program and co-author of the study at UC Berkeley, "This study shows that there is a whole new universe of cancer regulation related to DIM....there are no other agents known that can both directly shut down the growth of cancer cells and enhance the function of the immune system at the same time." 3,3′-Diindolylmethane stimulates murine immune function in vitro and in vivo,  Xue L, Pestka J, Maoxiang L, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF,  Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, published online, 8-20-07. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3104, USA.

DIM activates and potentiates interferon-gamma signalling in human cells - UC Berkeley Publication. Activation and potentiation of interferon-gamma signaling by 3,3'-diindolylmethane in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Molecular Pharmacology. 2006 Feb;69(2):430-9. Riby JE, Xue L, Chatterji U, Bjeldanes EL, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3104, USA.

DIM stimulates Interferon-Gamma gene expression in human cells - UC Berkeley Publication. DIM stimulates IFNgamma gene expression in human breast cancer cells via the specific activation of JNK and p38 pathways. Xue L, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA. Oncogene. 2005 Mar 31;24(14):2343-53.

DIM supplementation in humans increases the 2-hydroxylation of estrogen metabolites - UC Berkeley Publication. As 2-hydroxylation of estrogen metabolites is a process that scientists believe helps to reduce the risk of breast and prostate cancer, this human clinical study on DIM's effect on estrogen metabolites made headline news world-wide and added to the popularity of DIM as a nutritional supplement. Pilot study: effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane supplements on urinary hormone metabolites in postmenopausal women with a history of early-stage breast cancer. Journal of Nutrition and Cancer. 2004;50(2):161-7. Dalessandri KM, Firestone GL, Fitch MD, Bradlow HL, Bjeldanes LF Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3200, USA.

Biomedical researchers in Europe and the United States, after studying over 10,000 women, confirm that 2-hydroxylation of estrogen metabolites reduces the risk of breast cancer. Estrogen metabolism and risk of Breast cancer: A prospective study of the 2:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Epidemiology, 2000, vol. 11, n^o6, pp. 635-640 Muti P, Bradlow HL, Micheli A, Krogh V,  Freudenheim JL,  Schunemann HJ, Stanulla M, Jun Y,  Sepkovic DW, Trevisan M, Berrino F. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA, Epidemiology Division of the National Cancer Intitute (Istituto Nazionale Tumori), Milan, Italy, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.

DIM reduces the growth of breast cancer cells by 95% - Berkeley BioSciences Inc. News Release. DIM was orally administered at a 2x concentration of its current suggested human daily dosage within ActivaMune to rats that had DMBA-induced mammary tumors. The concentration was measured on a milligram per kilogram of body weight basis. The development of tumors in rats that consumed DIM on a daily basis was reduced by 95% relative to control rats that were not fed DIM. As immune activation plays an important role in the control of tumor growth, scientists at Berkeley BioSciences believe that this mode of action by DIM was partially responsible for the impressive results. DIM has been shown to have other molecular modes of action that also inhibit cancer growth, such as promoting apoptosis--automatic cell death natural to normal cells and non-existent in cancerous cells.

DIM acts synergistically with the most widely used cancer drug Paclitaxel (Taxol) - Thomas Jefferson University Publication. Clinical investigators at the Jefferson Medical College have demonstrated that DIM synergizes with the number one selling cancer drug worldwide, Paclitaxel (Taxol)--a phytochemical extracted from the Pacific Yew Tree. Their paper was published in the Journal of Surgical Research: 3,3′-Diindolylmethane and Paclitaxel Act Synergistically to Promote Apoptosis in HER2/Neu Human Breast Cancer Cells. Journal of Surgical Research, 2006 May 15;132(2):208-13. K. McGuire, N. Ngoubilly, M. Neavyn, S. Lanza-Jacoby Department of Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107

DIM stops the growth of prostate cancer cells - UC Berkeley Publication and News Release. This study made headlines around the world. UC Berkeley publishes a special news release regarding this seminal study. Click here for the UC Berkeley Press Release on this Publication. Plant-derived 3,3'-Diindolylmethane is a strong androgen antagonist in human prostate cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry.  2003 June 6;278(23);21136-45. Le HT, Schaldach CM, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3104, USA.

Biomedical scientists find that cruciferous vegetable intake reduces the risk of late stage prostate cancer by up to 52%. Prospective Study of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2007 Jul 24; (Epub ahead of print) Krish VA, Peters U, Mayne ST, Subar AF, Chatterjee N, Johnson CC, Hayes RB. Click here for the BBC Report covering this publication.

Biomedical investigators publish their findings linking high Brassica vegetable consumption with a 40% reduction in the risk of breast cancer development. Brassica Vegetables and Breast Cancer Risk. Terry P, Wolk A, Persson I, Magnusson C,  (2001). JAMA 285 (23): 2975-2976.

DIM induces a G-1 cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells - UC Berkeley Publication. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) induces a G(1) cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells that is accompanied by Sp1-mediated activation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression. Hong C, Kim HA, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Aug;23(8):1297-305. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis patients throughout the world report improved conditions with DIM supplementation. Some patients report complete regression of the disease upon DIM supplementation in conjunction with other therapies. RRP is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus. It is believed that DIM's immune modulating effects is the primary mode of action that effects this illness. Ongoing announcements by the Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Foundation.

Phase 3 clinical trials of DIM as a treatment for Cervical Dysplasia is announced by the Downtown New York Hospital in collaboration with the NYU School of Medicine. Cervical Dysplasia is a precancerous condition caused by the Human Papilloma Virus. This announcement confirms success in Phase 2 clinical trials of DIM at dietary levels in treating Cervical Dysplasia in patients who took the supplement. September 13, 2005, New York Hospital announcement through the Clinical Trials Bulletin of the National Institutes of Health.

Broccoli sprouts found to boost the body's ability to eliminate cancer causing toxins in human study - Johns Hopkins School of Medicine press release. A human trial conducted in China shows that broccoli sprouts rich in Sulforaphane can help the body detoxify carcinogens, which may reduce the risk of developing liver and other types of cancer. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention. 2005 Nov. 14 :2605-13. Effects of glucosinolate-rich broccoli sprouts on urinary levels of aflatoxin-DNA adducts and phenanthrene tetraols in a randomized clinical trial in He Zuo township, Qidong, People's Republic of China. Talalay P, Fahey JW. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Room E7541, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

Researchers at Johns Hopkins determine that women with low serum selenium and total carotenoids have higher mortality rates--a publication of the Women's Health and Aging Studies. Journal of Nutrition. 2006 Jan;136(1):172-6. Ray AL, Semba RD, Walston J., Ferrucci L, Cappola AR, Ricks MO, Xue QL, Fried LP. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Researchers at the German Institute of Human Nutrition determine that the association of decreased cancer risk with intake of cruciferous vegetables and selenium is stronger than that reported for fruits and vegetables in general. From dietary antioxidants to regulators in cellular signaling and gene regulation: Sulforaphane and selenium, partners in adaptive response and prevention of cancer. Free Radical Research. 2006 Aug;40(8):775-87. Brigelius-Flohe R., Banning A. German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114 - 116, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany.

Researchers in the UK demonstrate that Selenium and Sulforaphane synergize in their antioxidative activity. Synergy between sulforaphane and selenium in the induction of thioredoxin reductase 1 requires both transcriptional and translational modulation. Carcinogenesis, 2003 Mar;24(3):497-503. Nutrition Division, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Zhang J, Svehikova V., Bao Y, Howie AF, Beckett GJ, Williamson G. Click here for the BBC Report covering this publication.

Landmark nutrition study shows that a combined diet of broccoli and tomatoes has a more pronounced inhibitory effect on prostate cancer cells than a leading drug for prostate cancer. Combinations of Tomato and Broccoli Enhance Antitumor Activity in Dunning R3327-H Prostate Adenocarcinomas. Canene-Adams K, Lindshield B, Wang S, Jeffery E, Clinton S, Erdman J., Cancer Research 2007; 67: (2). January 15, 2007

  Groundbreaking clinical trial demonstrates that Selenium supplementation can help suppress the HIV virus and support the immune system. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007 Jan 22;167(2):148-54. Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Lllabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greenson JM, Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Skyler JS, Schneiderman N.

  Biomedical investigators publish their findings about Selenium and a lower risk of prostate cancer. Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, et al.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(16):1219-1224.

Scientists at the University of California, San Diego publish findings regarding Selenium's immune enhancing properties. Selenium in the maintenance and therapy of HIV-infected patients. Chemical and Biological Interactions. 1994 Jun;91(2-3):199-205. Schrauzer GN, Sacher J. University of California, San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, La Jolla 92093.

Seminal epidemiology study conducted by researchers at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary establishes a direct link between higher intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin and a decreased risk of macular degeneration--the leading cause of irreversible blindness among adults. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Journal of the American Medical Association.1994 Nov 9;272(18):1413-20. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES, Haller J., Miller DT. Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114.

British biomedical researchers report that supplementation with the carotenoids lutein or zeaxanthin improves human visual performance. Study Title: supplementation with the carotenoids lutein or zeaxanthin improves human visual performance. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. Kvansakul J, Rodriguez-Carmona M., Edgar DF, Barker FM, Kapcke W., Schalch W., Barbur JL. Applied Vision Research Centre, Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University, London, UK.

Canadian biomedical researchers announce epidemiological evidence linking increased lycopene intake to the reduction of oxidative stress and multiple chronic diseases. Lycopene. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 2006;51:99-164. Rao AV, Ray MR, Rao LG, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Researchers at Tufts University publish the relationship between Vitamin E intake and enhanced immune function in nursing home residents. Vitamin E and immune response in the aged: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Immonology Reviews. 2005 June;205:269-84. Meydani SN, Han SN, Wu D. Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA

Dietary component in broccoli kills bacteria that cause ulcers and stomach cancer - Johns Hopkins School of Medicine News Release. A bacterium responsible for the vast majority of stomach cancers, a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and ulcers may have met its match, scientists from Johns Hopkins and the French National Scientific Research Center report in the May 21 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research team discovered that sulforaphane, a compound found in broccoli and broccoli sprouts, kills the bacterium in laboratory studies. Sulforaphane inhibits extracellular, intracellular, and antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and prevents benzo[a]pyrene-induced stomach tumors. 2002 May 28;99(11):7610-5. Proclamation of the National Academy of Sciences. Fahey JW, Haristoy X, Dolan PM, Kensler TW, Sholtus I, Stephenson KK, Talalay P, Lozniewski A. Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Cancer Chemoprotection Center, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.

Dr. Leonard Bjeldanes and Dr. Gary Firestone of UC Berkeley publish an important study elucidating the molecular biology of Diindolylmethane. Cytostatic effects of 3,3'-diindolylmethane in human endometrial cancer cells result from an estrogen receptor-mediated increase in transforming growth factor-alpha expression. Carcinogenesis. 2001 Nov;22(11):1809-17. Leong H, Firestone, GL, Bjeldanes LF. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.